O'Halloran, J., Myers, A.A., Duggan, P.F.

1989

Some sub-lethal effects of lead on mute swan Cygnus olor

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Tissue and blood lead levels in mute swans Cygnus olor (Gmelin) were used to investigate sublethal effects of lead. Three categories of swan mortality were defined: (1) acute lead poisoning; (2) collisions; and (3) other reasons. In most tissues, lead concentrations were highest according to the cause of death in order: lead poisoning > collisions > other causes. Elevated blood levels and haematological disorders were detected swans which had collided with objects. The possible role of elevated lead in causing collisions in mute swans is discussed.

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