There is an increasing demand for a novel non-nicotinic, nondopaminergic therapeutic approach to nicotine addiction. GABAergic mechanisms have been implicated in drug dependence. Recently, a novel GABA B receptor allosteric-positive modulator, GS39783, was characterized. There are no investigations to date on the effects of GABA B receptor-positive modulators in animal models of nicotine reinforcement. Conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms are based on the principle that animals, like humans, would learn to seek environmental stimuli that have been previously associated with rewarding events. Here we show that nicotine (0.06 mg/kg s.c.) induced a robust CPP response. Furthermore, GS39783 (30-100 mg/ kg p.o.) during the conditioning phase blocked the rewarding effects of nicotine in the CPP paradigm in rats. However, GS39783 did not significantly alter the CPP effects of nicotine when given only immediately before the CPP test. A growing body of evidence suggests that repeated administration of drugs of abuse induced long-term molecular changes in brain plasticity, most notably an accumulation of Delta FosB, in the striatal complex that contribute to the manifestation of dependence. There was a significant accumulation of Delta FosB in the nucleus accumbens, but not in the dorsal striatum, of rats treated daily for 5 days with nicotine (0.06 mg/kg i. p.). GS39783 completely (30-100 mg/kg p.o.) counteracted these nicotine-induced molecular adaptations when given before the CPP acquisition phase but not when administered immediately before the test phase. Taken together, the behavioral and molecular changes induced by nicotine occur in concert and are concomitantly amenable to reversal by GABA(B) receptor- positive modulators.